Evaluación del Modelo multicomponente de telecuidado de apoyo a personas con prediabetes y obesidad en Chile

Antecedentes: la prediabetes es una condición reversible y su tratamiento una oportunidad para modificar prácticas no saludables. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad del Modelo Multi-componente de Telecuidado para apoyo a personas con prediabetes y obesidad en Chile. Método: ensayo clínico controlado en centros de atención primaria, Santiago, Chile. Se realizó un muestreo y asignación aleatoria en cada uno de los 5 centros de salud participantes. Participantes: 70 adultos con pre-diabetes, IMC: 25-34 y acceso a telefonía móvil. GI (n = 33), recibió modelo: consejerías telefónicas, envío de SMS, material educativo y equipos auto-monitoreo; y GC (n = 32) atención habitual atención habitual y equipos de auto-monitoreo. Medición pre y post intervención de los conocimientos sobre Prediabetes, alimentación no saludable, actividad física, peso, circunferencia de cintura, Glicemia, Triglicéridos y Colesterol Total. Resultados: en el GI, la intervención fue efectiva en mantener estable el nivel de conocimientos sobre pre-diabetes y disminuir nivel de triglicéridos. El modelo no superó a la atención habitual en disminución del peso, circunferencia de cintura, glicemia y colesterol total.

Background: Prediabetes is a reversible condition and its treatment a chance to change unhealthy practices. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of a multi-component tele-care model to support people with pre-diabetes and obesity in Chile. Method: a randomized clinical trial in primary care setting, Santiago, Chile. Participants: 70 adults with pre-diabetes: BMI between 25 and 34 and access to mobile phone. GI (n = 33) received telephone counseling, SMS, educational materials and self-monitoring equipment and GC (n = 32) usual care and self-monitoring equipment. Measures of knowledge of prediabetes, unhealthy diet, physical activity, weight, waist circumference, glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol were made pre and post intervention. Results: in GI the intervention to maintain stable knowledge level about pre-diabetes, and decrease triglycerides level was effective. The model did not exceed usual care for decrease in weight, waist circumference, glucose and cholesterol.

Evaluación de programa piloto de apoyo para trabajadores que cuidan a familiares dependientes: estudio pre-postest / Evaluation of a pilot program for the support of family caregivers who work and care for dependent relatives: pre and posttest

El envejecimiento de la población aumenta la posibilidad de requerir cuidados, los cuales son proprocionados por las familias, especialmente por las mujeres. Para quienes tienen trabajo remunerado, significa cumplir un doble rol. Esto es un factor de riesgo para la salud del trabajador, la calidad del cuidado entregado y su rendimiento laboral. Objetivos: evaluar el efecto de programa piloto de apoyo a trabajadores que ejercen tareas de cuidado informal, sobre su percepción de carga de cuidado y de apoyo social. Métodos: estudio pre-postest, con 25 funcionarios que ejercen el doble rol de trabajador-cuidador informal. Resultados: la intervención demostró ser efectiva al disminuir la percepción de carga de cuidado y aumentar la percepción de apoyo social. Conclusión: intervenciones implementadas dentro del ámbito laboral y con el apoyo de la institución aportan a la percepción de apoyo de los trabajadores y a su satisfacción con el programa

The aging population increased the possibility of need to be care. Historically women have assumed this task adding it to those performed as paid workers. This dual role is a risk factor for the health of workers, quality of care delivery and job performance. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of intervention for workers who perform tasks of informal care on the perceived burden of care and social support program. Methods: A pre-post test study with 25 workers who wield dual role of informal caregivers. Conclusions: The intervention was effective to reduce the perceived burden of care and increase the perception of social support, which makes it highly recommended such interventions contributing to the health of workers and family caregiver

[Effect of a tele-care model on self-management and metabolic control among patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care centers in Santiago, Chile]. / Efecto de un modelo de apoyo telefónico en el auto-manejo y control metabólico de la Diabetes tipo 2, en un Centro de Atención Primaria, Santiago, Chile.

BACKGROUND: Telephone based self-management support may improve the metabolic control of patients with type2 (DM2) diabetes if it is coordinated with primary care centers, if telephone protocols and clinical guidelines are used and if it is provided by nurses trained in motivational interviewing. AIM: To assess the efficacy of a tele-care self-management support model (ATAS) on metabolic control of patients with DM2 attending primary care centers in a low income area in Santiago, Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two primary care centers were randomly assigned to continue with usual care (control group, CG) or to receive additionally 6 telecare self-management support interventions (IG) during a 15 month period. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was used to measure metabolic control of DM2; the "Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities Measure" and the "Spanish Diabetes Self-efficacy" scale were used to measure self-management and self efficacy, respectively. Changes in the use of health services were also evaluated. RESULTS: The IG maintained its HbA1c level (baseline and final levels of 8.3 +/- 2.3% and 8.5 +/- 2.2% respectively) whereas it deteriorated in the CG (baseline and final levels of 7.4 +/- 2.3 and 8.8 +/- 2.3% respectively, p < 0.001). The perception of self-efficacy in the IG improved while remaining unchanged in the CG (p < 0.001). Adherence to medication, physical activity and foot care did not change in either group. In the IG, compliance to clinic visits increased while emergency care visits decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The ATAS intervention, in low income primary care centers, significantly increased the probability of stabilizing the metabolic control of patients with DM2 and improved their use of health services.

Efecto de un modelo de apoyo telefónico en el auto-manejo y control metabólico de la Diabetes tipo 2, en un Centro de Atención Primaria, Santiago, Chile / Effect of a tele-care model on self-management and metabolic control among patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care centers in Santiago, Chile

Background: Telephone based self-management support may improve the metabolic control of patients with type 2 (DM2) diabetes if it is coordinated with primary care centers, if telephone protocols and clinical guidelines are used and if it is provided by nurses trained in motivational interviewing. Aim: To assess the efficacy ofi a tele-care self-management support model (ATAS) on metabolic control of patients with DM2 attending primary care centers in a low income area in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: Two primary care centers were randomly assigned to continue with usual care (control group, CG) or to receive additionally 6 telecare self-management support interventions (IG) during a 15 month period. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was used to measure metabolic control of DM2; the “Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities Measure” and the “Spanish Diabetes Self-efficacy” scale were used to measure self-management and self efficacy, respectively. Changes in the use of health services were also evaluated. Results: The IG maintained its HbA1c level (baseline and final levels of 8.3 ± 2.3 percent and 8.5 ± 2.2 percent respectively) whereas it deteriorated in the CG (baseline and final levels of 7.4 ± 2.3 and 8.8 ± 2.3 percent respectively, p < 0.001). The perception of self-efficacy in the IG improved while remaining unchanged in the CG (p < 0.001). Adherence to medication, physical activity and foot care did not change in either group. In the IG, compliance to clinic visits increased while emergency care visits decreased. Conclusions: The ATAS intervention, in low income primary care centers, significantly increased the probability of stabilizing the metabolic control of patients with DM2 and improved their use of health services.

Validación de una versión en español de la Escala de Conflicto Decisional / Validation of a Spanish version of the Decisional Conflict Scale

Background: In Chile, in approximately 50 percent of nursing students, nursing was not their first choice as career. Usually, during the first year, these students must decide whether they would like to continue in the same career. A valid tool is needed to identify decisional conflicts and their contributing factors among these students and to develop an appropriate strategy to support them duríng their decision-making process. Aim: To translate into Spanish and validate the Generic Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS). Material and methods: The DCS was translated from English to Spanish and was used with 331 first-year nursing students at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. The scale was assessed for validity and reliability using statistical tests, including factor analysis and Cronbach alpha test. Results: The Spanish version of the DCS had acceptable validity and reliability. Factorial analysis identified four factors and only the item: "advice" loaded the other factors. Cronbach alpha was 0.80. Conclusions: DCS is a valid and useful instrument to identify decisional conflicts and contributing factors to continue studies among nursing students.

[Validation of a Spanish version of the Decisional Conflict scale]. / Validación de una versión en español de la Escala de Conflicto Decisional.

BACKGROUND: In Chile, in approximately 50% of nursing students, nursing was not their first choice as career. Usually, during the first year, these students must decide whether they would like to continue in the same career. A valid tool is needed to identify decisional conflicts and their contributing factors among these students and to develop an appropriate strategy to support them during their decision-making process. AIM: To translate into Spanish and validate the Generic Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The DCS was translated from English to Spanish and was used with 331 first-year nursing students at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. The scale was assessed for validity and reliability using statistical tests, including factor analysis and Cronbach alpha test. RESULTS: The Spanish version of the DCS had acceptable validity and reliability. Factorial analysis identified four factors and only the item: "advice" loaded the other factors. Cronbach alpha was 0.80. CONCLUSIONS: DCS is a valid and useful instrument to identify decisional conflicts and contributing factors to continue studies among nursing students.

Health preferences and decision-making needs of disadvantaged women.

AIM: This paper reports the results of a survey of disadvantaged women in La Pintana, a municipality of Santiago, Chile, to determine their health decision-making needs. BACKGROUND: Research is needed as there is no published community-based study focusing specifically on health decision-making needs of disadvantaged women. METHODS: From April to November 1999, we conducted a cross-sectional interview survey of women registered at primary healthcare centres in La Pintana, an impoverished municipality of Santiago, Chile. RESULTS: The survey participants were 554 adult women over 15 years of age. Seventy-five percent reported making current health-related decisions. Types of decisions were primarily about navigation: where, when and from whom to seek care. The most common role in decision-making was sharing the decision with others, specifically husbands and other family members. Fifty-four percent experienced decisional conflict or uncertainty about options. Those reporting more manifestations of decisional conflict were more likely to lack information on available options, pros and cons of the options, and chances of benefits and harms associated with the options; they were also more likely to be unclear about what was important to them, to feel pressure from others, lack skill or ability in decision-making and be older. The most common strategies used when making all types of decisions were obtaining information on options and recommendations, and getting support from others. Participants preferred to receive information about options through counselling from their physicians, rather than nurses, from printed materials and from discussion groups of people facing the same decision. CONCLUSION: The majority of disadvantaged women were actively involved in decision-making and needed decision support to navigate the healthcare system. Nurses should play a more pivotal role in providing health decision support. This study needs to be replicated in other countries and cultural contexts.

Trabajo académico en red en torno a la toma de decisiones en salud / Academic network related to health decision making

La Escuela de Enfermería de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC) ha desarrollado, desde 1983, un modelo de atención de salud basado en el autocuidado (Lange I., Jaimovich S. 1996). Esta línea de trabajo fue enriquecida con el marco conceptual de apoyo a la toma de decisiones en salud desarrollado a partir de la década del noventa por O’Connor et al. Con el apoyo de estos autores, se inició el proyecto Elecciones y decisiones en salud: una alianza profesional/usuaria con transferencia tecnológica canadiense chilena (DECIDE), financiado por la Agencia Canadiense de Desarrollo Internacional (ACDI). Este proyecto incluyó una fase de trabajo colaborativo con otras escuelas de enfermería del país para incorporar el marco conceptual y la tecnología de apoyo a la toma de decisiones en salud en la formación de los futuros profesionales. Esta experiencia generó un modelo de trabajo en redes que permitió enriquecerla y ampliar la cobertura del proyecto, respetando individualidades e intereses de las escuelas participantes. Su sistematización permitió desarrollar un modelo de educación continua semipresencial en “Apoyo a la toma de decisiones en salud” que puede ser utilizado para capacitar enfermeras y otros profesionales de la salud de América Latina. Este artículo da a conocer el proceso vivido y las lecciones aprendidas, con el fin de demostrar que el trabajo en redes es una estrategia eficiente y factible para potenciar el desarrollo en enfermería.

Competencias en investigación para diferentes niveles de formación de enfermeras: una perspectiva latinoamericana / Research competencies for differents levels in nursing education: a latin american perspective

El propósito de este estudio fue identificar las competencias en investigación correspondientes a licenciatura, magíster y doctorado en enfermería. Método: Diseño descriptivo y transversal, se aplicó una encuesta enviada por correo a 200 enfermeras obtuviéndose un 26 por ciento de respuestas. El instrumento contiene 33 ítemes con competencias en investigación en las áreas de conocimiento, análisis y aplicación. Frente a cada ítem se presenta una escala de cuatro tramos, que indica el grado en que la competencia tiene que estar presente según nivel de formación. La validez fue realizada por expertas en el tema. La confiabilidad fue calculada con test-retest utilizando porcentaje de acuerdo. Resultados: El mayor porcentaje de respuestas se obtuvo de Chile, seguido de México. El 82 por ciento de las respuestas provino de profesoras de investigación o guías de tesis. Para el nivel de licenciatura se considera esencial el conocimiento de las etapas del proceso investigativo y la realización de búsqueda bibliográfica. Se encontraron discrepancias entre los niveles con relación a los ítemes de conocimiento y tendencia de la investigación, organismos que financian investigaciones, métodos de análisis de datos, uso de programas estadísticos computacionales, aplicación y enseñanza de la investigación, preparación de propuestas y publicaciones. El aspecto ético se señala como esencial en todos los niveles. Conclusiones: Las encuestadas perciben diferencias en las competencias para los diferentes niveles de preparación académica. Los resultados del estudio orientan el diseño de programas de formación en investigación en enfermería.

Perspectives of Latin American nursing professors and leaders about research competencies needed by nurses with different levels of academic preparation.

This article describes a study to identify perspectives of Latin American nursing professors and leaders about the research competencies needed by students with different levels of academic preparation (bachelor's, master's, and doctoral). The sample included 42 nurses from eight Latin American countries who wrote narrative comments on a questionnaire sent by e-mail. The responses were analyzed by a process of content analysis. The participants identified differences that should be emphasized in the different academic levels. The findings could be used to develop educational programs to prepare nurse researchers.

Promover la salud mental con mujers chilenas en desvantaja social / Promoting mental health in socially disadvantaged chilean women

Se descrive una parte de la experiencia del proyecto Chileno/Canadiense: "Promover la salud mental de las mujeres chilenas en desventaja social: Los Secretos de Maruja". Se describen los objetivos, las etapas del proceso, de intervención y los resultados de las evaluaciones preliminares. Con la participación de las mujeres usuárias de los centros de salud, profesionales y autoridades de la comuna de La Pintana, se construyó, aplicó y evaluó un proyecto de intervención para apoyar a las mujeres en la toma de decisiones que favorezcan su salud mental personal, familiar y social. La intervención contempló el diseño, producción, distribución y evaluación de 12 folletos educativos tipo calendarios, cada uno respecto a tres temas de salud mental identificados por las mismas mujeres: Identidad y autoestima, Vínculo y Comunicación y Autocuidado. Además se involucró a las enfermeras que trabajan en los Centros de Salud, quienes incorporaron esta estrategia a la atención de salud habitual y evaluaron su impacto en la identidad, autonomía profesional y en la mejoría de la calidad del cuidado.

This paper describes a Chilean/Canadian intervention project about Mental Health Promotion with socially disadvantaged women called "Maruja´s secrets". We present their objectives, each stage of the intervention process and preliminary evaluations. With the participation of women of the community, health professionals and authorities of health members of La Pintana, we conceive, develop and evaluate an intervention to support and coach women in decision making to improve their personnel and social mental health. The intervention process include design, engaged community nurses, distribution and evaluation of 12 educative color calendars, each one with 14 messages about mental health issues, that were discovered in focus groups with the same women: Identity and self- esteem; communication and self-care. Each calendar has 14 messages, a self-diagnosis test and addresses of community social resources. Community nurses were involved in the distribution and they evaluate their experience as a way of strengthening nursing identity and the quality of nursing care...

Descreve-se uma experiência do projeto chileno-canadense, intitulado "Promover a saúde mental de mulheres chilenas em desvantagem social: os Segredos de Maruja". Apresentam-se os objetivos, as etapas das intervenções e as avaliações preliminares. Com a participação das mulheres usuárias dos Centros de Saúde, profissionais de saúde e autoridades da comunidade de La Pintana, foi construído, aplicado e avaliado um projeto de intervenção para apoiar as mulheres na tomada de decisões que favorecessem sua saúde mental, pessoal, familiar e social. A intervenção contemplou o desenho, a produção, a distribuição e a avaliação de 12 cartilhas educativas tipo calendários, cada uma referente a três temas de saúde mental considerado importante pelas mesmas mulheres: identidade e auto-estima; vínculos e comunicação; e autocuidado. Cada cartilha tem um teste de autodiagnóstico e endereços dos recursos sociais comunitários. Ademais, comprometeu as enfermeiras que trabalham nos Centros de Saúde que incorporaram esta estratégia no seu atendimento habitual e avaliaram seu impacto tanto na sua identidade e autonomia profissional quanto na melhoria da qualidade do cuidado brindado às mulheres...